Temporale og romlige sedimentasjonstrender i en distal-glasial innsjø, gjennom Den Lille Istid

The sedimentation processes in an arctic distal-glacier fed lake Jægervatn (3 m. a.s.l.), located in northern Norway, has been studied by means of core analysis in addition to quaternary mapping of the catchment area of Jægervatn. The cores consist of six HTH - sediment cores (JVS104 - JVS604) and one longer piston core (JVP203), retrieved along a south - north oriented transect in the lake covering ~2000 m. The physical properties of the lacustrine sediments have been examined including visual log, X-ray, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), magnetic susceptibility (MS), frequency and temperature susceptibility (χbulk, 293K and 77K), loss on ignition (LOI), water content (WC), dry bulk density (DBD) and grain size distribution. The main focus was to study the temporal and spatial distribution of sediments in Jægervatn and assess to what extent the observed patterns could be related to glacial and extra-glacial activity. Based on result from the laboratory methods a sedimentation model for Jægervatn has been developed. The analysis of the cores have recognized two dominating sedimentary units in Jægervatn; unit B which is dominated by paraglacial processes and unit A which is dominated by glacial activity. Unit B was deposited during the Medial Warm Period" (MWD), whereas Unit A was deposted during the Little Ice Age (LIA). The latter period started in 1490 AD and lasted until 1920AD in the study area, possibly with two separate advances occurring around 1660 AD and 1830 AD, respectively. A third unit is also revealed and has been deposited during marine environments when Jægervatn was connected to fjord settings. The Equilibrium-line-altitude (ELA) lowering during the LIA was 57m, but even so it lead to over a trippeling of the sedimentation rate as recorded in Jægervatn, although the spatial pattern was much the same as during earlier periods.GEO350MASV-GEO

Deliverable 3.6 zoning plan of case studies : evaluation of spatial management options for the case studies

Within MESMA, nine case studies (CS) represent discrete marine European spatial entities, at different spatial scales, where a spatial marine management framework is in place, under development or considered. These CS (described in more details below) are chosen in such a way (MESMA D. 3.1 ) that they encompass the complexity of accommodating the various user functions of the marine landscape in various regions of the European marine waters. While human activities at sea are competing for space, there is also growing awareness of the possible negative effects of these human activities on the marine ecosystem. As such, system specific management options are required, satisfying current and future sectoral needs, while safeguarding the marine ecosystem from further detoriation. This integrated management approach is embedded in the concept of ecosystem based management (EBM). The goal of marine EBM is to maintain marine ecosystems in a healthy, productive and resilient condition, making it possible that they sustain human use and provide the goods and services required by society (McLeod et al. 2005). Therefore EBM is an environmental mangagement approach that recognises the interactions within a marine ecosystem, including humans. Hence, EBM does not consider single issues, species or ecosystems good and services in isolation. Operationalisation of EBM can be done through place-based or spatial management approaches (Lackey 1998), such as marine spatial planning (MSP). MSP is a public process of analysing and allocating the spatial and temporal distribution of human activities aiming at achieving ecological, economic and social objectives. These objectives are usually formulated through political processes (Douvere et al. 2007, Douvere 2008). Within MESMA, a spatially managed area (SMA) is then defined as “a geographical area within which marine spatial planning initiatives exist in the real world”. Marine spatial planning initiatives refer to existing management measures actually in place within a defined area, or in any stage of a process of putting management in place, e.g. plans or recommendations for a particular area. Management can include management for marine protection (e.g. in MPAs), or management for sectoral objectives (e.g. building a wind farm to meet renewable energy objectives). Within MESMA, SMAs can have different spatial scales. A SMA can be a small, specific area that is managed/planned to be managed for one specific purpose, but it can also be a larger area within which lots of plans or ‘usage zones’ exist. This definition is different from the definition mentioned in the DoW (page 60). The original definition was adapted during a CS leader workshop (2-4 May 2012 in Gent, Belgium) and formally accepted by the MESMA ExB during the ExB meeting in Cork (29-30 May 2012). MSP should result in a marine spatial management plan that will produce the desired future trough explicit decisions about the location and timing of human activities. Ehler & Douvere (2009) consider this spatial management as a beginning toward the the implementation of desired goals and objectives. They describe the spatial management plan as a comprehensive, strategic document that provides the framework and direction for marine spatial management decisions. The plan should identify when, where and how goals and objectives will be met. Zoning (the development of zoning plans) is often an important management measure to implement spatial management plans. The purpose of a zoning plan (Ehler & Douvere 2009) is: To provide protection for biologically and ecologically important habitats, ecosystems, and ecological processes. To seperate conflicting human activities, or to combine compatible activities. To protect the natural values of the marine management area (in MESMA terminology: the SMA) while allowing reasonable human uses of the area. To allocate areas for reasonable human uses while minimising the effects of these human uses on each other, and nature. To preserve some areas of the SMA in their natural state undisturbed by humans except for scientific and educational purposes.peer-reviewe